Wittmackia and Ronnbergia
2017. Following DNA studies, many species in the Tillandsia genus have changed.
There are further genera changes proposed to 'tidy up' some groups that are currently lumped in Aechmea. The following notes will give some insight to these changes.

The following is a brief abstract from a paper presented on the Encyclopaedia of Bromeliads Project. http://botu07.bio.uu.nl/data/getLiterature.php?id=2932-26349
The full title of the paper is - "Aguirre-Santoro, J. (2017) Taxonomy of the Ronnbergia Alliance (Bromeliaceae: Bromelioideae): new combinations, synopsis, and new circumscriptions of Ronnbergia and the resurrected genus. Plant Systematics and Evolution 303(online): 1-26. 10.1007/s00606-017-1394-y


Wittmackia Mez, in Mart., Fl. Bras. 3(3): 274. 1897.- See J Aguirre-Santoro, Plant Syst. Evol. DOI 10.1007/s00606-017-1394-y 2017
LECTOTYPE Bromelia lingulata L., Sp. Pl. 1:285.1153, designated by L.B. Smith (in Index Nominum Genericorum Card No. 03491, 16 Jul 1957).
= Hohenbergia subg. Wittmackiopsis Mez, in C. DC., Monogr. Phan. 9: 132. 1896.
LECTOTYPE: Pitcairnia penduliflora A.Rich., in Sagra, Hist. Fis. Cuba, Bot. 11: 262. 1850, designated by L.B. Smith (in Smith and Downs 1979).

Plants terrestrial, rupicolous or epiphytic, cespitose or solitary, stoloniferous or acaulescent; rosette broad, forming phytotelmata.
Leaves distinctly differentiated into sheath and blade;
sheaths elliptic, oblong or ovate, green, pale brown, or irregularly purplish, lepidote on both sides, entire or serrate toward the apex;
blades linear to lingulate, occasionally narrowed toward the base (e.g., W. canaliculata), green, occasionally vinaceous (e.g., W. brasiliensis), lepidote on both sides but more densely on the abaxial side, channeled or without a median channel, margins entire to strongly serrate, apex attenuate to rounded, apiculate to mucronate.
Inflorescence visible or partially concealed by the rosette, erect to pendulous;
peduncle green, dull purple or whitish, glabrescent to densely floccose;
bracts of the peduncle marcescent, membranaceous, green, dull purple, or pale brown, glabrous to densely floccose, shorter to longer than the internodes, erect to ascending, linear-lanceolate, lanceolate or oblanceolate, margins entire to serrate, apex attenuate to acute, apiculate or mucronate;
inflorescence simple to 2-divided, rarely 3-divided (e.g., W. rohan-estyi), 4-70 cm long, rachis visible or concealed by the bracts, flowers or branches, sparsely lepidote to densely floccose.
Primary bracts gradually to abruptly diminishing in size toward the apex of the inflorescence, diverging from the rachis to divaricate, marcescent, membranaceous, shorter to longer than the branches, ovate to linear-lanceolate, green, cream, dull purple, or pale brown, occasionally bright red (W. tentaculifera), lepidote to floccose, entire to serrulate, apex attenuate to acute.
Spikes globose-strobilate to long-cylindrical; sessile or stipitate, the stipe exposed or concealed by bracts, 0.5-15 cm long, terete to slightly flattened, glabrous to floccose;
rachis of the spike straight, exposed or concealed by the flowers or floral bracts.
Floral bracts gradually to abruptly diminishing in size toward the inflorescence apex, shorter than the ovaries to surpassing the sepals, symmetric, persistent, polystichous, laxly arranged to densely imbricate, erect to divaricate, linear, triangular, lanceolate, ovate, or orbicular, membranaceous to strongly coriaceous, green, cream, yellow, orange, vinaceous, occasionally bright red (W. tentaculifera), margins entire to semrlate, apex attenuate to retuse, apiculate, caudate, or mucronate.
Flowers sessile, laxly arranged to densely congested, three to about 100 per spike, erect to divaricate.
Calyx conical to dorsiventrally compressed, convolute, occasionally turbinate-convolute (W. turbinocalyx);
sepals basally connate, strongly asymmetric, forming a membranous lateral wing that overlaps the adjacent sepal, white, cream, green, yellow, purple, lilac, pink, or bright red, glabrous to densely floccose, occasionally brown-tomentose-lepidote (W. eriostachya and W. polycephala), coriaceous, unarmed to strongly mucronate.
Corolla tubular, spreading apically, occasionally suberect {e.g., W. bicolor), projecting 2-8 mm beyond the calyx;
petals free, elliptic or subspathulate, white, green, apex acute to obtuse,
petal appendages absent or present, when present lobulate, arising above 2 mm or more from the petal base.
Stamens included; filaments flattened, subconstricted at the insertion point of the anther;
anthers rectangular, apiculate to mucronate.
Ovary ovoid-compressed, ellipsoidal, cylindrical, obovoid, or clavate, white, cream, green, yellow, orange, pink, purple, or bright red, glabrous to densely floccose; placentation apically
axile, ovules >30 per ovary, unappendaged.
Stigma conduplicate-spiral, papillose.
Fruit ovoid, ovoid-compressed, ellipsoidal, cylindrical, obovoid, or clavate, yellow, red, blue, or black, the sepals persistent and sometimes becoming basally fleshy.

Species composition and geographic distribution;
Wittmackia includes 44 species. Aguirre-Santoro et al. (2016) sampled 41 of these 44 species in their phylogenetic study. The species of Wittmackia are mainly distributed in two centers of diversity. The first area is located in the central corridor of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest in south-eastern Bahia state, with a few species occurring north from Ceara to Sergipe states. The second center of diversity corresponds to Jamaica in addition to a small group of species occurring in the remaining Greater Antilles (except Hispaniola), their adjacent islands west of the Caribbean, and the Yucatan Peninsula. Wittmackia lingulata is the only widespread species in the group, occurring along the tropical Atlantic coast, Panama and the Caribbean, except for the major islands of the Greater Antilles. The species of Wittmackia inhabit a wide variety of environments from hygrophilous mountainous forests to dry habitats in semi-deciduous forests and tropical dry forest. Most species of Wittmackia occur in lowlands to medium-low elevations of about 600-800 m a. s. l. However, species such as W. fawcetii and W. eriostachya can occur at 1600 m a. s. l. in the Blue Mountains of Jamaica.

Taxonomic notes: Wittmackia is the oldest generic name available within the Atlantic clade of the Ronnbergia Alliance as it includes its type species, W. lingulata.
Wittmackia has been a synonym of Aechmea for some 60 years, since Smith (1956) considered that the lax spikes and mucronate sepals of the species were sufficient characters to place them in Aechmea. However, it is currently known that Aechmea is an artificial, polyphyletic genus that requires major restructuring. For this reason, and based on the phylogenetic evidence presented by Aguirre-Santoro et al. (2016), here I resurrect and recircumscribe Wittmackia. The lack of ovule appendages is the most remarkable similarity between the original diagnosis of Wittmackia and the new circumscription proposed here. However, our new delimitation rejects the usage of the absence of petal appendages to separate this genus from others, as this is a character that evolved several times within the Ronnbergia Alliance (Aguirre-Santoro et al. 2016).
There is a morphological gap within Wittmackia between the Caribbean-endemic species and the remaining species. The former exhibit strongly compressed flowers grouped in strobilate spikes, whereas the latter have lax to subconjested spikes and flowers not compressed. Aguirre-Santoro et al. (2016) discussed that this morphological gap is derived from the evolutionary event that separated the Caribbean-endemic species from their Brazilian-centered relatives. Despite this clear morphological differentiation and the evidence of monophyly for the Caribbean-endemic species, an infrageneric classification for Wittmackia is not proposed here. This decision is based on the results by Aguirre-Santoro et al. (2016), which did not provide evidence for the monophyly of the Brazilian-centered species (including W. lingulata). These results, however, did not reject the hypothesis that they form a monophyletic group, which leaves open the possibility of a future infrageneric classification of Wittmackia when more robust phylogenetic studies become available.
All the species of Hohenbergia transferred here to Wittmackia made part of the Caribbean-endemic Hohenbergia subg. Wittmackiopsis. The species of Hohenbergia subg. Hohenbergia, including the type species of the genus (H. stellata), seem to be nested in distant clades across the Core Bromelioideae, outside the Ronnbergia Alliance (Sass and Specht 2010; Silvestro et al. 2014; Evans et al. 2015; Heller et al. 2015; Aguirre-Santoro et al. 2016). Although Hohenbergia subg. Hohenbergia has been poorly sampled in phylogenetic studies, the possibility to find species of this subgenus within Wittmackia is low, as all its species exhibit long chalazal ovule appendages, a character that does not occur within the Ronnbergia alliance. Moreover, most species within Hohenbergia subg. Hohenbergia exhibit other characters not commonly observed within the here-proposed circumscription of Wittmackia, such as 3-divided inflorescences and red, blue to dark purple petals.
Although the species-rich and highly polyphyletic genus Aechmea was not comprehensively sampled by Aguirre-Santoro et al. (2016) or any other phylogenetic study, the taxonomic transferences of Aechmea presented here will not have a significant impact on future taxonomic reconfigurations of this genus. The Aechmea species transferred here into Wittmackia are very dissimilar in floral morphology and geographic distribution to the type species of Aechmea (A. paniculata) and its morphologically related species (e.g., A. mertensii, A. setigera and A. longicuspis). Furthermore, these morphologically similar relatives of A. paniculata have been placed in molecular-based phylogenies in a distant clade outside the Ronnbergia alliance.


Ronnbergia Alliance by Aguirre-Santoro 2017
Current Names by Derek Butcher (No recorded hybrids that I can see!)

Species
Old genus
New Genus
aciculosa
Aechmea
Ronnbergia
allenii
Aechmea
Ronnbergia
altocaririensis
Aechmea
Wittmackia
amorimii
Aechmea
Wittmackia
andersoniana
Aechmea
Wittmackia
bicolor
Aechmea
Wittmackia
burlemarxii
Aechmea
Wittmackia
canaliculata
Aechmea
Wittmackia
drakeana
Aechmea
Ronnbergia
fraseri
Aechmea
Ronnbergia
froesii
Aechmea
Wittmackia
germinyana
Aechmea
Ronnbergia
gregaria
Aechmea
Wittmackia
incompta
Aechmea
Wittmackia
involucrata
Aechmea
Ronnbergia
ituberaensis
Aechmea
Wittmackia
laevigata
Aechmea
Wittmackia
limae
Aechmea
Wittmackia
lingulata
Aechmea
Wittmackia
lingulatoides
Aechmea
Wittmackia
linharesiorum
Aechmea
Wittmackia
maranguapensis
Aechmea
Wittmackia
patentissima
Aechmea
Wittmackia
pendulispica
Aechmea
Wittmackia
pernambucentris
Aechmea
Wittmackia
subpetiolata
Aechmea
Ronnbergia
sulbahianensis
Aechmea
Wittmackia
tentaculifera
Aechmea
Wittmackia
tonduzii
Aechmea
Ronnbergia
turbinocalyx
Aechmea
Wittmackia
veitchii
Aechmea
Ronnbergia
viridispica
Aechmea
Ronnbergia
viridostigma
Aechmea
Wittmackia
weberbaueri
Aechmea
Ronnbergia
wuelfinghoffii
Aechmea
Ronnbergia
abbreviate
Hohenbergia
Wittmackia
antillana
Hohenbergia
Wittmackia
brittoniana
now distans
Hohenbergia
Wittmackia
caymanensis
Hohenbergia
Wittmackia
distans
Hohenbergia
Wittmackia
eriostachya
Hohenbergia
Wittmackia
fawcettii
Hohenbergia
Wittmackia
gnetacea
now polycephala
Hohenbergia
Wittmackia
inermis
Hohenbergia
Wittmackia
jamaicana
Hohenbergia
Witmackia
laessei
Hohenbergia
Wittmackia
mesoamericana
Hohenbergia
Wittmackia
negrilensis
Hohenbergia
Wittmackia
penduliflora
Hohenbergia
Wittmackia
polycephala
Hohenbergia
Wittmackia
portoricensis
Hohenbergia
Wittmackia
proctorii
now urbaniana
Hohenbergia
Wittmackia
rohan-estyi
Hohenbergia
Wittmackia
spinulosa
Hohenbergia
Wittmackia
urbaniana
Hohenbergia
Wittmackia
brasiliensis
Ronnbergia
Wittmackia
campanulata
Ronnbergia
Ronnbergia
carvalhoi
Ronnbergia
Wittmackia
columbiana
Ronnbergia
Ronnbegia
deleonii
Ronnbergia
Ronnbergia
explodens
Ronnbergia
Ronnbergia
hathewayi
Ronnbergia
Ronnbergia
killipiana
Ronnbergia
Ronnbergia
maidifolia
Ronnbergia
Ronnbergia
morreniana
Ronnbergia
Ronnbergia
neoregelioides
Ronnbergia
Wittmackia
nidularioides
Ronnbergia
Ronnbergia
petersii
Ronnbergia
Ronnbergia
silvana
Ronnbergia
Wittmackia

Updated 25/05/17